• Skip to primary navigation
  • Skip to main content
  • Skip to footer

Pimachiowin Aki

World Heritage Site

  • News
  • Resources
  • Visit
  • Home
  • Shop
  • Donate
  • Contact
  • About Us
    • Pimachiowin Aki Assembly of Partners
    • Board of Directors
    • Timeline
    • Communities
      • Bloodvein River First Nation
      • Little Grand Rapids First Nation
      • Pauingassi First Nation
      • Poplar River First Nation
    • Annual Reports
  • Keeping the Land
    • Our Work
    • Cultural Heritage
    • Wildlife and Habitat
    • Sustainable Economies
    • Guardians Program
      • Colin
      • Melba
      • Owen
      • Enil
    • Education
  • The Land That Gives Life
    • Boreal Forest
    • Calendars
    • Climate
    • Cultural Sites
    • Habitation
    • Harvesting
    • Language
    • Named Places
    • Plants
    • Travel Routes
    • Water
    • Wildfire
    • Wildlife
  • Fast Facts
  • Search
  • Facebook
  • Twitter
  • Instagram
  • YouTube

traditional medicine

10 Traditional Plants to Spot this Summer

June 14, 2021

Anishinaabeg hold a wealth of knowledge about plants. Plants are a significant source of food, medicine, and building and craft materials. We have long used them to sustain our communities and way of life while safeguarding the health of the boreal forest.

This season, colourful plants, flowers and vegetation are rising from the earth all over Pimachiowin Aki. Roughly 700 plant species live in Pimachiowin Aki’s lands, wetlands and waters, including trees, shrubs, flowers, grasses, mosses and lichens. You have probably walked past many of these plants on your walks and hikes across Canada, or paddled by them while kayaking or canoeing.

Here are 10 plants to keep an eye out for this summer!

Edible Plants

1. Miskomin (Raspberry)

Miskomin is a traditional source of food and medicine in Pimachiowin Aki.

What it Looks Like
Due to its distinct shape and vibrant colour, a raspberry plant is easy to identify, especially once berries have begun to bud. Raspberries are a type of compound berry, which means they’re made up of a tight cluster of smaller sacs of juice. They have tiny hairs in between each juice sac. Still unsure? Look beyond the bright fruit and check the entire plant. Raspberry bushes may have prickles or bristles.

Where it Grows
Raspberries usually grow near water, in woods or clearings. Check riverbanks where there is a lot of grass.

When to Harvest
Picking season begins in July and ends in late August.

Uses

  • The wild brambles of the raspberry bush provide shelter for birds, squirrels, skunks and other small wildlife in Pimachiowin Aki
  • Humans and animals eat raspberries, providing us with antioxidants and a great source of fibre
  • Raspberries are good to eat fresh or use in jams. Freeze the berries to preserve them.

2. Ososoweminaatig (Chokecherry)

What it Looks Like
The chokecherry tree rarely grows taller than 30 feet, and the top of the tree can stretch from 10 to 20 feet wide. The colour of its bark indicates the plant’s age — grey or reddish-brown for young trees and brownish-black for older trees. Another way to identify young chokecherries is through the horizontal rows of raised pores on their bark. Their serrated leaves are a dark glossy green on top, and the underside is light. Chokecherries begin with fragrant, white blossoms before budding into dark berries. The colour of the berries ranges from white, deep red to black. They often look like blueberries or saskatoon berries when they’re ripe.

Ososoweminaatig is abundant in Pimachiowin Aki.

Where it Grows
Look for chokecherries in open areas of plains, forests and foothills; in patches in the bush; and near water. They like sunny or partially shaded areas in thickets.

When to Harvest
Chokecherries are ready for picking in August and September.

Uses
Chokecherries are used in:

  • Soups and stews
  • Jellies, syrups, sauces, juices and jams

Note
Chokecherries are delicious but the hard seeds can cause stomach upset if you eat too many.

3. Miishiijiimin (Red Currant)

Miishiijiimin decorates the landscape in Pimachiowin Aki.

What it Looks Like
Red currants are tiny, bright translucent red berries that grow in clusters. The shrub plant grows about three feet high or at waist height for the average person.

Where it Grows
The red currant shrub grows in swamps, moist open forests and on the banks of streams.

When to Harvest
Red currants are ready for harvesting in summer to early fall, in the months of July, August and September.

Uses

  • Use the sour-tasting red berries in salads or pair them with other fruits
  • Drink red currant juice or tea to reduce fever and induce sweating
  • Harvest the leaves in the spring and summer before the plant goes into berry, for use as a compress or poultice for slow-healing wounds
  • Use the leaves fresh or dried in teas to ease symptoms of gout and rheumatism
  • Gargle the tea for mouth infections

4. Ozhaashaagobag (Bunchberry)

Ozhaashaagobag is used as food and medicine in Pimachiowin Aki. 

What it Looks Like
Bunchberries look different throughout the seasons. Look for white flowers in late spring, red-orange berries sprouting from the centre in summer, and a red leaf colour in the fall.

Where it Grows
The Bunchberry plant can be found growing close to the ground under the shade of trees, often where moss grows.

When to Harvest
Bunchberries ripen and are ready for picking in July or August.

Uses

  • The berries are a food source for black bears, martens, snowshoe hares and other small mammals, as well as many migratory birds. Bunchberry is a winter forage plant for caribou and moose
  • People can eat the berries raw or boiled. They preserve well and can be added to jams, puddings, other baked treats and teas
  • They contain high levels of pectin making them a great addition to low pectin fruits when making jams
  • The berries have a high concentration of vitamin C

5. Ozigwaakomin (Saskatoon Berry Bush)

Ozigwaakomin is a traditional food in Pimachiowin Aki.

What it looks like
Saskatoon berry bush is a shrub or small tree that can grow to 16 feet tall. Mature bushes produce clusters of white flowers in the spring. The leaves are oval-shaped with jagged edges along the tops, and the dark grey to reddish brown branches are smooth in texture. Saskatoon berries range in colour from light purple to almost black.

Where it grows
Saskatoon berry bushes are found in rocky, grassy clearings, thickets, and open hillsides.

When to harvest
Berries are ready for picking in July. Saskatoons continue to ripen after they are picked. Fully mature berries are sweeter and have a fuller fruit flavor, but are softer and more easily damaged.

Uses

  • Saskatoons are consumed fresh, or preserved by freezing or drying
  • The berries are an excellent source of fibre, protein and antioxidants

Try this recipe for Saskatoon Pie.

Note
Saskatoon berry pits contain a poisonous cyanide-like substance, just like apple seeds. The toxin may be destroyed by cooking or drying the berries

6. Makominan (Bearberry)

Makominan is a source of food for bears in Pimachiowin Aki.

What it Looks Like
Bearberry shrubs consist of smooth, oval-shaped leaves, pinkish-white bell-shaped flowers and dull red berries. The shrub typically grows 1/2 foot tall and slowly spreads horizontally to form mats. The thick, leathery leaves are rolled under at the edges. They are yellow green in spring, dark green in summer, and reddish-purple in fall.

Where it Grows
Bearberries grow by the river, in dry open woods and in gravelly or sandy soils. The low-growing shrub is tolerant of cold weather.

When to Harvest
Blooms can appear any time from April to July, depending on where you live. Bright red fruit is formed by the end of the summer and typically remains on the bush throughout winter.

Uses

  • Bearberry is an appropriate name as these mealy edible fruits are a favourite of bears
  • Birds, deer and small mammals also eat the berries
  • Dry the berries to store them
  • Grind dried berries and cook them into a porridge
  • Use dried leaves for tea to help with kidney and bladder infections
  • Tan hides with the tannin in bearberry leaves
  • Add dried leaves to tobacco or use as a substitute

Note

  • Eating too many bearberries may cause nausea or constipation
  • Eating bearberries for a prolonged time can cause stomach and liver problems. Children and pregnant or breast-feeding women should avoid the berries

7. Gaa-minomaagobagak (Wild Mint)

Find gaa-minomaagobagak along shorelines of lakes and rivers in Pimachiowin Aki.

What it Looks Like
Look for bright, serrated leaves and tiny purple, pink or white flowers. Typically this plant grows 1-2 feet tall.

Where it Grows
Wild mint can be found in moist areas such as along shorelines of rivers or lakes. You will smell it before you see it!

When to Harvest
You can pick mint anytime during summer.

Uses

  • Mint is an important medicine and food plant
  • All parts of the plant (flowers, leaves, and stem) may be used, although usually the root is not used
  • The plant is edible raw
  • Make a simple beverage by pouring hot water over the plant
  • Make an insect repellent by sprinkling powdered leaves on berries and drying meat

Medicine Plants

Many plants have medicinal properties. Some medicines are crushed up while others are boiled into a tea. Medicines may be harmful if not prepared properly. Information provided here is only intended to give an idea of the importance of these plants to Anishinaabeg. This is not a guide to plant use. Readers are cautioned to treat medicine plants with respect, and consult Elders and others knowledgeable about plants within Pimachiowin Aki to learn more before considering using any part of a plant for any reason.

The bush is our drugstore, and we are grateful for all the plants that give up their lives to keep us alive and help cure sickness. We need to honour those plants and to make sure they are looked after.

Elders Abel Bruce and Albert Bittern

8. Wiikenzh (Sweet flag)

Wiikenzh is an important medicine in Pimachiowin Aki.

What it Looks Like
Sweet flag has thin, grass-like, greenish-yellow leaves that tend to grow in pairs. At first glance, a colony of sweet flag resembles bull-rushes but upon closer look, you’ll notice that the spike rising from the sweet flag leaves is covered in tiny yellow flowers (unlike the brown spike of a cattail).

Where it Grows
Sweet flag grows in wet, marshy areas.

When to Harvest
This plant is harvested in late summer or early fall.

Uses

  • Sweet flag is very fragrant and when burned, the smoke is used in smudging to purify an area and remove negative energy or thoughts
  • The dried root of sweet flag is used to treat high cholesterol and diabetes

My dad would harvest plants when we were on the trapline. There was a preparation process, and when somebody got sick, there would be medicine ready to use. He made an offering and placed the plant close to the fire and dried it.

Joe Owen, Pauingassi First Nation

9. Aamoo-waabigwan (Fireweed)

Aamoo-waabigwan is used as medicine and tea in Pimachiowin Aki.

What it Looks Like
Fireweed is easily identified by its bright pink or purple flowers throughout summer. The plant grows in a spike shape with clumps of four-petalled flowers at the tips of the stems. Fireweed fluff appears in fall when the plant releases hundreds of cottony seeds. The seeds have tufts of silky hairs, so they are easily spread by wind.  

Where it Grows
Fireweed is a medicine plant that grows in abundance following a forest fire. It grows where soil is relatively dry.

When to Harvest
Fireweed roots can be harvested year-round while its leaves are typically picked in summer.

Uses

  • Fireweed has anti-inflammatory properties that help to reduce redness associated with skin irritations
  • The leaves are used to make a tea
  • The seeds are used as a fire-starter
  • Years ago, fireweed was used as a tobacco substitute and also cooked and eaten like a vegetable

The pure medicine on the land is similar to medicine in the pharmacy. I learned that from my grandparents.

Melba Green, Bloodvein River First Nation

Important Plant for the Ecosystem

10. Meskwaanagak (Joe Pye Weed)

Meskwaanagak provides shelter and protection for songbirds in Pimachiowin Aki.

What it Looks Like
Joe pye weed is a late-blooming plant that can grow up to seven feet tall. In midsummer you will recognize it by its tiny mauve flowers, which bloom in large clusters atop the stems.

Where it Grows
Joe pye weed grows naturally at the edges of woodlands and wet meadows.

Blooming Season
Look for flowers in August.

Uses

  • These flowers have a sweet vanilla scent that attracts butterflies and other pollinators
  • Hummingbirds and other birds are also attracted to this plant
  • Due to its height, joe pye weed provides shelter and protection for songbirds

Watch Five Gifts from the Creator to learn more about plants and their uses in Pimachiowin Aki.

Photos: Hidehiro Otake, Jane Driedger, wild raspberry photo was was originally posted to Flickr by mwri at https://www.flickr.com/photos/75897997@N00/194675157

Filed Under: Indigenous Language, Indigenous Traditional Knowledge, Plants Tagged With: Anishinaabemowin, traditional food, traditional medicine

Then and Now with Joe Owen

March 15, 2021

St. John Owen (Katoons) setting a trap,  October 1964 (Photo: Henry Neufeld)
Joe Owen, Pimachiowin Aki Board member and knowledge keeper from Pauingassi First Nation

The knowledge and skills that Anishinabeeg have used for thousands of years is passed down through generations. It’s a part of who we are.

“People have the teachings to survive on the land,” says Joe Owen, Pimachiowin Aki board member and knowledge keeper from Pauingassi First Nation.

While people still use the land and waters of Pimachiowin Aki as they have for millennia, modernity has brought changes over the years. Joe recently shared his thoughts about his community and the ways Anishinaabe culture thrives today.

Gathering medicines at Pauingassi First Nation (Photo: Colin Owens)

Memories of harvesting plants

“My dad would harvest plants when we were on the trapline. There was a preparation process, and when somebody got sick, there would be medicine ready to use.”

Some medicines were crushed up while others were boiled into a tea or chewed as is. Joe recalls a childhood memory when the pain from a toothache was quickly resolved by chewing on a small plant given to him by his father. “The pain never came back after I took the medicine that my dad gave me,” he says.

“He made an offering and placed the plant close to the fire and dried it. Then he crushed it and gave it to me and told me to put it where it hurts. The pain went away in under 20 minutes.”

Anishinaabeg continue to harvest medicines in Pimachiowin Aki. “People are still using traditional medicines from the land today,” says Joe.

Traditional medicine boiled into a tea (Photo: Hidehiro Otake)

Boreal forest plants are harvested for common uses, such as food, shelter, and medicine. Sage, cedar, weekay, sweet grass, muskeg roots, birchbark and many others can help heal a cut, take away pain or remove negative energy. Medicines are to be respected, so offerings are made in gratitude.

Dog sledding with canoe on ice taken at Pauingassi First Nation in front of the peninsula sandbar, early April 1962. Left: Charlie George Owen (Omishoosh). Back: Albert Pascal (Taki) (Photo: Henry Neufeld)

Memories of travel

Means of travel is a big change that Joe has witnessed since he was a small boy. In the past, people traveled mainly by foot, dog sled and canoe. Today, Anishinaabeg travel across Pimachiowin Aki by plane, motorboat, car and snowmobile. Our means of travel has changed but we use the same routes traveled by our ancestors for thousands of years. Through generations, we have maintained these ancient travel routes on land and water to trap, hunt, fish and gather.

Joe notes that portages along many rivers in Ontario and Manitoba are still in use. “People knew where to make the route, and that’s what we still use.”

Pauingassi First Nation community members, taken June 1955, two weeks after Miskwa’oo died. Miskwa’oo’s husband in mourning is Ankus squatted right of middle, front row  (Photo: Henry Neufeld)

Visiting in Little Grand Rapids

Little Grand Rapids First Nation and Pauingassi shared a single reserve until 1989 when a new reserve was created at Pauingassi. “For a long time, we traveled back and forth to Little Grand Rapids,” recalls Joe. My dad had an older sister in Little Grand, and we visited and would stay a couple days and come back.”

They also traveled back and forth to the store until Pauingassi eventually got its own. “We still network and communicate with Little Grand Rapids,’” Joe explains.

Memories of trapping

When Joe was a child, trapping was one of the only means of survival. People sold dried pelts to the Hudson Bay Company to make money.

Joe recalled that families would be gone for months at a time on their traplines. “At that time, there were families with a head person and helpers, and that’s the way it was for a long time. My dad had partners, and one partner would bring his family, too.”

Families had traplines that could be 10 to 50 miles away from the community. “Our trapline was 30 miles away from [Pauingassi First Nation],” says Joe. Depending on the season, they would walk or travel by canoe.

“They traveled before freeze-up and would return in the springtime. Then, they would go back in the fall and come back to spend Christmas in the community. They would go out in January until later March, and they would go out again and come back in May.”

While many people trap for food and income in Pimachiowin Aki today, they now have more options, says Joe.

“Today it’s much different because we have resources. We have jobs and programs, but [people] still go out hunting, trapping and fishing.” They don’t go out for as long as they used to, he adds.

Today, motorized travel makes seasonal trips quicker. “Some people take a plane. They have a canoe at the trapline to use when they get there,” Joe says.

The animals harvested are varied, as they have been for millennia, and include beaver, muskrat, fisher, otter, mink, weasel, squirrel, lynx, and fox.

His father’s stories

Joe fondly recalls the stories his father would share with him when they were out on the trapline. 

“There were lots of stories that my dad would tell us. Stories that were passed down from his dad. Legends that were passed down from generations. Some stories would have a name like Nanabush and Whiskey Jack. They really sounded true and made sense the way they were told.”

Fluctuating wildlife populations

Over the years, Joe has witnessed population changes in a variety of wildlife species in Pauingassi First Nation.

“Before 1980, we never had marten or sable,” he says. “Then all of a sudden, they appeared in our area. In 1985, the population was so huge. Today there are few. The lynx, too,” he adds. “One winter there would be some, but other times there would be few. It’s a pattern for species.”

Lynx in Pimachiowin Aki (Photo: Hidehiro Otake)

Joe recalled Elders’ stories about wildlife suddenly appearing or disappearing in the area.

“Elders said there were no moose in the community, and then one day, a hunter saw this animal and killed it, and soon enough people said it’s a moose. My dad told me that we didn’t have deer because of a big blizzard that moved the deer out. Deer are not common anymore.”

Joe attributes changes in wildlife populations and behaviour to climate change and forest fire.

“Eagles never came close to the community. Today, they come. They will land on the hydro pole and sit there. And also, the bear comes to the community, and the wolves. To me, they’re looking for food, and they continue to come around. They never did that years ago. The pelicans didn’t come to our area. I’m beginning to see them now.”

Keeping the land

One thing that modern times has not changed in Pimachiowin Aki is the ancient tradition of Ji-ganawendamang Gidakiiminaan (Keeping the land). Anishinaabeg continue to honour the Creator’s gifts and protect the healthy and culturally vibrant Land that Gives Life as our ancestors have for millennia.

Filed Under: Cultural Heritage, First Nation Communities, Plants, Wildlife Tagged With: harvesting, hunting, Pauingassi First Nation, traditional medicine, trapping

Why Do Moose Avoid Travel in Winter?

December 17, 2019

Each season brings its own gifts to Pimachiowin Aki. As the landscape, wildlife, plants and trees go through seasonal changes, life on the land changes, too. Use our calendar to gain seasonal knowledge and trace our traditional land use activities throughout the year.   

In February, Moose avoid travel because the ice on the snow cuts their shins.

Download the calendar

Filed Under: Calendars, Cultural Heritage, Indigenous Traditional Knowledge, Plants, Wildlife Tagged With: harvesting, land use, moose, traditional medicine

Footer

Stay connected

Sign-up for seasonal news from Pimachiowin Aki.



  • Facebook
  • Twitter
  • Instagram
  • YouTube

  • Contact
  • Visit
  • Shop
  • Donate
  • Legal
  • Privacy Policy

© 2025 Pimachiowin Aki

Built by PeaceWorks